Calculate Population Variance (σ²)

Enter complete population dataset values separated by commas, spaces, or lines.

Paste or type complete population numerical values.

Calculation Results

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Calculated using population variance equations: \sigma^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} (x_i - \mu)^2}{N}

*Note: Population variance measures total dispersion across all members of a defined population.

Quick Summary

The Population Variance Calculator evaluates population variance ($\sigma^2$), population standard deviation ($\sigma$), sum of squares ($SS$), and population mean ($\mu$).

Formula Explanation

\sigma^2 = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{N} (x_i - \mu)^2}{N}
\sigma = \sqrt{\sigma^2}

How It Works

Population variance computes the mean squared distance of all population elements from the population mean $\mu$. The Population Variance Calculator sums squared deviations ($SS$) and divides directly by total population size $N$.

Step-by-Step Worked Example

Practical Problem: Calculate population variance for the complete population: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ($N = 5$).

  1. Step 1: Calculate population mean ($\mu$): $(5+10+15+20+25)/5 = 75 / 5 = \mathbf{15.0000}$.
  2. Step 2: Calculate squared deviations $(x_i - 15)^2$: $(-10)^2=100, (-5)^2=25, 0^2=0, 5^2=25, 10^2=100$.
  3. Step 3: Sum squared deviations ($SS$): $100 + 25 + 0 + 25 + 100 = \mathbf{250.0000}$.
  4. Step 4: Divide by total population count ($N = 5$): $\sigma^2 = 250 / 5 = \mathbf{50.0000\text{ Population Variance}}$.
  5. Step 5: Calculate Population SD ($\sigma$): $\sigma = \sqrt{50} = \mathbf{7.0711}$.

Real-World Calculation Examples

Scenario 1: Population Dataset (5 to 25)

Parameters: N = 5 population
Result: Population Variance σ² 50.0000 ($\sigma = 7.0711$).

Scenario 2: Complete Census Office Salaries

Parameters: All 4 executives
Result: Population Variance σ².

Scenario 3: Machine Sensor Calibration Test

Parameters: 100, 102, 98, 100
Result: Population Variance σ² 2.0000.

Scenario 4: Complete City District Rainfall

Parameters: 12, 14, 16, 18
Result: Population Variance σ² 5.0000.

Key Benefits of Using This Calculator

Unadjusted Population Variance

Divides by $N$ without sample bias inflation for complete census datasets.

Sum of Squares Output

Displays total Sum of Squared Deviations ($SS$).

Population Standard Deviation

Outputs population standard deviation ($\sigma$).

100% Free & Client-Side

Executes locally in your browser with zero latency or web server transmission.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is population variance ($\sigma^2$)?

Population variance measures average squared distance of all population items from the population mean $\mu$.

How do I calculate population variance in Excel?

Use formula =VAR.P(range).

Why does population variance divide by N?

Because every member of the target population is measured, there is no sample estimation bias.

What is symbol for population variance?

Sigma squared ($\sigma^2$).

Can population variance be 0?

Yes — if all population observations are identical, $\sigma^2 = 0$.

What is relationship between $\sigma^2$ and $\sigma$?

$\sigma = \sqrt{\sigma^2}$ (standard deviation is the square root of variance).

Is population variance larger or smaller than sample variance?

Population variance ($\sigma^2 = SS/N$) is smaller than sample variance ($s^2 = SS/(n-1)$) for the same numerical dataset.

What is population mean symbol?

Greek letter mu ($\mu$).

What is degrees of freedom for population variance?

Degrees of freedom equal total population size $N$.

How is population variance used in probability distributions?

Variance quantifies second central moment $E[(X - \mu)^2]$ of probability density functions.