Science & Physics Calculators
Select from our collection of 96 free online Science & Physics calculators for fast, accurate calculations.
Acceleration Calculator
acceleration calculator calculate linear acceleration a from velocity change (v - u) and time t. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsAngular Momentum Calculator
angular momentum calculator calculate rotational momentum L from moment of inertia I and angular velocity omega (L = I * omega). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsAngular Velocity Calculator
angular velocity calculator calculate rotational speed omega from tangential speed v and radius r (omega = v / r = 2*pi*f). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsAverage Velocity Calculator
average velocity calculator calculate average velocity v_avg from position change (x2 - x1) and time interval (t2 - t1). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsBernoulli's Equation Calculator
bernoulli's equation calculator calculate fluid pressure P2, velocity v2, or height h2 along a streamline using Bernoulli's Law (P1 + 0.5*rho*v1^2 + rho*g*h1 = P2 + 0.5*rho*v2^2 + rho*g*h2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsBoyle's Law Calculator
boyle's law calculator calculate final gas pressure P2 or volume V2 under constant temperature using Boyle's Law (P1 * V1 = P2 * V2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsBuoyancy Calculator
buoyancy calculator calculate Archimedes buoyant force Fb from fluid density rho, displaced volume V, and gravity g (Fb = rho * V * g). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsCapacitance Calculator
capacitance calculator calculate parallel plate electrostatic capacitance C = epsilon_r * epsilon_0 * (A / d), stored charge Q = C * V, and stored energy E = 0.5 * C * V^2 in pF, nF, uF, and Joules. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsCarnot Efficiency Calculator
carnot efficiency calculator calculate theoretical maximum thermodynamic Carnot heat engine efficiency eta_Carnot = 1 - (Tc / Th) from hot reservoir Th and cold reservoir Tc in Kelvin. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsCentripetal Acceleration Calculator
centripetal acceleration calculator calculate radial acceleration ac from tangential velocity v and curve radius r (ac = v^2 / r). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsCentripetal Force Calculator
centripetal force calculator calculate radial inward force Fc from mass m, velocity v, and curve radius r (Fc = m * v^2 / r). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsCharles's Law Calculator
charles's law calculator calculate final gas volume V2 or temperature T2 under constant pressure using Charles's Law (V1 / T1 = V2 / T2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsCombined Gas Law Calculator
combined gas law calculator calculate final gas pressure P2, volume V2, or temperature T2 using the Combined Gas Law (P1*V1 / T1 = P2*V2 / T2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsConservation of Energy Calculator
conservation of energy calculator calculate final velocity v2 from initial height h1 and final height h2 (v2 = sqrt(u^2 + 2*g*(h1 - h2))). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsContinuity Equation Calculator
continuity equation calculator calculate exit velocity v2 or area A2 in pipe flow constrictions using the Continuity Equation (A1 * v1 = A2 * v2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsCoulomb's Law Calculator
Coulomb's law calculator calculate electrostatic force F = ke * |q1 * q2| / r^2 in Newtons from point charges q1, q2 in microcoulombs and separation distance r. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsCritical Angle Calculator
critical angle calculator calculate total internal reflection critical angle theta_c from dense index n1 and rare index n2 (theta_c = arcsin(n2 / n1)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsDecibel Calculator
decibel calculator calculate decibel gain or loss ratio (10 log10(P2/P1) or 20 log10(V2/V1)) for electrical power, voltage, audio, and acoustics. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsDensity Calculator
density calculator calculate volumetric mass density rho from mass m and volume V (rho = m / V). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsDistance Calculator
distance calculator calculate total distance d from speed and travel time. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & travelers.
Science & PhysicsDoppler Effect Calculator
doppler effect calculator calculate perceived acoustic frequency f' and pitch shift when source or observer are in motion (f' = f0 * (v +- vo) / (v -+ vs)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsEfficiency Calculator
efficiency calculator calculate energy efficiency percentage eta from output power P_out and input power P_in (eta = (P_out / P_in) * 100%). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsElastic Potential Energy Calculator
elastic potential energy calculator calculate Hooke's law spring strain energy PE_elastic = 0.5 * k * x^2 in Joules, kJ, and ft-lbf from spring constant k and compression/extension x. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsElectric Field Calculator
electric field calculator calculate point charge electric field intensity E = ke * |Q| / r^2 in V/m or N/C from source charge Q in microcoulombs and distance r. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsElectric Power Calculator
electric power calculator calculate electrical power P = V * I = I^2 * R = V^2 / R in Watts, kW, Horsepower (hp), and daily energy consumption kWh/day from voltage V, current I, or resistance R. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsEnergy Calculator
energy calculator calculate total mechanical energy E = KE + PE from mass m, velocity v, and height h. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsEntropy Calculator
entropy calculator calculate thermodynamic entropy change Delta S = Q / T in kJ/K or J/K for reversible heat transfer Q at absolute temperature T. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsFlow Rate Calculator
flow rate calculator calculate volumetric discharge flow rate Q from cross-sectional area A and fluid velocity v (Q = A * v). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsFocal Length Calculator
focal length calculator calculate lens focal length f and optical power P in Diopters from object distance do and image distance di (f = (do * di) / (do + di)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsForce Calculator
force calculator calculate net force F from mass m and acceleration a using Newton's second law (F = m * a). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsFree Fall Calculator
free fall calculator calculate gravitational impact velocity v and fall time t from drop height h (v = sqrt(2*g*h), t = sqrt(2*h/g)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsFrequency Calculator
frequency calculator calculate wave frequency f from velocity v and wavelength lambda (f = v / lambda) or oscillation period T (f = 1 / T). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsGay-Lussac's Law Calculator
gay-lussac's law calculator calculate final gas pressure P2 or temperature T2 under constant volume using Gay-Lussac's Law (P1 / T1 = P2 / T2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsGear Ratio Calculator
gear ratio calculator calculate gear ratio GR = Ndriven / Ndriver, output speed omega_out = omega_in / GR, and output torque tau_out = tau_in * GR from teeth counts, RPM, and torque. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsGravitational Potential Energy Calculator
gravitational potential energy calculator calculate potential energy PE = m * g * h in Joules, kJ, kcal, and ft-lbf from mass m, height h, and gravity g (9.80665 m/s²). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsGravity Calculator
gravity calculator calculate universal gravitational attraction force F between two masses m1 and m2 at distance r using Newton's law (F = G * m1 * m2 / r^2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsHeat Capacity Calculator
heat capacity calculator calculate total thermal heat capacity C (m * c = Q / Delta T) in J/K, kJ/K, and kcal/°C from mass m and specific heat c. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsHeat Engine Efficiency Calculator
heat engine efficiency calculator calculate thermal efficiency eta = W / Qh = (Qh - Qc) / Qh from heat input Qh and waste heat Qc or work W. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsHeat Transfer Calculator
heat transfer calculator calculate thermal conductive heat flux Q_dot = k * A * (Delta T / d) using Fourier's Law of Conduction in Watts, kW, BTU/h, and thermal resistance R-value. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsHooke's Law Calculator
hooke's law calculator calculate spring restoring force F, spring constant k, or displacement x using Hooke's Law (F = k * x). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsHydraulic Lift Calculator
hydraulic lift calculator calculate Pascal's law force F2 = F1 * (d2 / d1)^2, area ratio MA = A2 / A1, and fluid pressure P = F1 / A1 from piston diameters d1, d2 and effort F1. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsHydrostatic Pressure Calculator
hydrostatic pressure calculator calculate fluid column pressure P from density rho, depth h, and gravity g (P = rho * g * h). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsIdeal Gas Law Calculator
ideal gas law calculator calculate gas pressure P, volume V, moles n, or temperature T using the Ideal Gas Law equation (P * V = n * R * T). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsImpulse Calculator
impulse calculator calculate collision force impulse J from average force F and impact duration dt (J = F * dt = delta_p). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsInclined Plane Calculator
inclined plane calculator calculate ideal ramp effort force F_effort = F_load * (h / L) = F_load * sin(theta) and mechanical advantage IMA = L / h for ramp length L and height h. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsKinetic Energy Calculator
kinetic energy calculator calculate translational kinetic energy KE = 0.5 * m * v^2 in Joules, kJ, MJ, and ft-lbf from mass m and velocity v. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsLatent Heat Calculator
latent heat calculator calculate phase change thermal energy Q = m * L for melting/fusion (Lf = 334 kJ/kg) or boiling/vaporization (Lv = 2260 kJ/kg). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsLens Maker's Equation Calculator
lens maker's equation calculator calculate focal length f and optical power P in Diopters from refractive index n and surface radii of curvature R1, R2 (1/f = (n-1)*(1/R1 - 1/R2)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsLever Calculator
lever calculator calculate output load force F2 = F1 * (d1 / d2) and mechanical advantage MA = d1 / d2 for Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 simple levers. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsMagnification Calculator
magnification calculator calculate optical linear magnification M (-di / do) and image height hi from object height ho and distances (M = -di/do = hi/ho). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsMass Calculator
mass calculator calculate total mass m using Newton's Second Law (m = F / a) or material density-volume (m = rho * V). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsMechanical Advantage Calculator
mechanical advantage calculator calculate Actual Mechanical Advantage AMA = Fout / Fin, Ideal Mechanical Advantage IMA = din / dout, and mechanical efficiency eta = (AMA / IMA) * 100%. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsMechanical Energy Calculator
mechanical energy calculator calculate total mechanical energy E = KE + PE from mass m, velocity v, and height h (E = 0.5*m*v^2 + m*g*h). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsMoment of Inertia Calculator
moment of inertia calculator calculate rotational inertia I for solid cylinders, spheres, thin hoops, and rods from mass m and radius r. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsMomentum Calculator
momentum calculator calculate linear momentum p from mass m and velocity v (p = m * v). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsOhm's Law Calculator
Ohm's law calculator calculate voltage V = I * R, current I = V / R, resistance R = V / I, and electric power P = V * I in Volts, Amperes, Ohms, and Watts. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsPascal's Law Calculator
pascal's law calculator calculate output force F2, transmitted pressure P, and mechanical advantage ratio in hydraulic systems using Pascal's Law (F1/A1 = F2/A2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsPendulum Calculator
pendulum calculator calculate simple pendulum period T and frequency f from pendulum length L and gravity g (T = 2*pi*sqrt(L/g)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsPhysics Calculator
physics calculator solve kinematics motion equations (v = u + at, s = ut + 0.5at^2) for velocity, acceleration, distance, and time. Accurate formulas and unit conversions for students, teachers & engineers.
Science & PhysicsPotential Energy Calculator
potential energy calculator calculate gravitational potential energy PE from mass m, height h, and gravity g (PE = m * g * h). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsPower Calculator
power calculator calculate mechanical and electrical power rate P = W / t in Watts, kW, Horsepower (hp), and BTU/h from work/energy W and time t. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsPressure Calculator
pressure calculator calculate surface pressure P (F / A) and hydrostatic fluid pressure P (rho * g * h) in Pascals, kPa, bar, PSI, and atmospheres. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsProjectile Height Calculator
projectile height calculator calculate maximum apex height H from launch velocity v0 and angle theta (H = (v0 * sin(theta))^2 / (2 * g)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsProjectile Motion Calculator
projectile motion calculator solve 2D parabolic trajectory equations for horizontal range R, maximum height H, flight time T, and velocity components (v0x, v0y). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsProjectile Range Calculator
projectile range calculator calculate horizontal range R from launch velocity v0 and angle theta (R = v0^2 * sin(2*theta) / g). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsProjectile Time Calculator
projectile time calculator calculate total flight time T and apex time from launch velocity v0 and angle theta (T = 2 * v0 * sin(theta) / g). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsPulley Calculator
pulley calculator calculate effort force F_effort = F_load / N and mechanical advantage MA = N for single, double, and block and tackle pulley systems with N supporting ropes. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsRefractive Index Calculator
refractive index calculator calculate optical refractive index n from light velocity v in medium (n = c / v). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsRotational Kinetic Energy Calculator
rotational kinetic energy calculator calculate spinning energy KE_rot from moment of inertia I and angular velocity omega (KE_rot = 0.5 * I * omega^2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsScrew Calculator
screw calculator calculate ideal mechanical advantage IMA = 2 * pi * R / p and axial lifting force F_load = F_effort * IMA from handle radius R, thread pitch p, and effort force F_effort. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSensible Heat Calculator
sensible heat calculator calculate thermal heat energy Q required for temperature changes (Q = m * c * (Tf - Ti)) in Joules, kJ, BTU, and kcal. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSimple Harmonic Motion Calculator
simple harmonic motion calculator solve spring-mass SHM oscillator equations for period T, frequency f, angular frequency omega, max acceleration a_max, and total energy E. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSimple Machine Efficiency Calculator
simple machine efficiency calculator calculate mechanical energy efficiency eta = (Wout / Win) * 100% and friction energy loss W_loss = Win - Wout from work input Win and work output Wout. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSnell's Law Calculator
snell's law calculator calculate angle of refraction theta2 and critical angle for total internal reflection using Snell's Law (n1 * sin(theta1) = n2 * sin(theta2)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSound Intensity Calculator
sound intensity calculator calculate acoustic power density I (P / 4*pi*r^2) in W/m^2 and sound intensity level L_I in decibels (dB SIL). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSound Pressure Level Calculator
sound pressure level calculator calculate decibel SPL level (20 * log10(p / p0)) from RMS sound pressure p in Pascals. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSpecific Gravity Calculator
specific gravity calculator calculate relative density SG from substance density and reference fluid density (SG = rho_substance / rho_water). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSpecific Heat Calculator
specific heat calculator calculate material specific heat capacity c (Q / (m * Delta T)) in J/kg*K or kJ/kg*°C from heat Q, mass m, and temperature rise Delta T. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSpeed Calculator
speed calculator calculate average speed s from distance and time. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & drivers.
Science & PhysicsSpeed of Sound Calculator
speed of sound calculator calculate speed of acoustic sound waves v in air from temperature T (v = 331.3 + 0.606 * T) or in liquid/solid media. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsSpring Potential Energy Calculator
spring potential energy calculator calculate stored elastic potential energy PE from spring constant k and compression displacement x (PE = 0.5 * k * x^2). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsStress and Strain Calculator
stress and strain calculator calculate tensile stress sigma (F / A) and tensile strain epsilon (delta L / L0) from force, area, and length extension. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsThermal Conductivity Calculator
thermal conductivity calculator calculate material thermal conductivity k (Q_dot * d / (A * Delta T)) in W/(m*K) from heat rate Q_dot, thickness d, area A, and temperature drop Delta T. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsThermal Expansion Calculator
thermal expansion calculator calculate linear thermal expansion length change Delta L = alpha * L0 * Delta T in mm, cm, and meters from expansion coefficient alpha, initial length L0, and temperature change. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsThin Lens Equation Calculator
thin lens equation calculator calculate image distance di, magnification M, and image nature from focal length f and object distance do (1/f = 1/do + 1/di). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsTime Calculator
time calculator calculate travel time t from distance and speed. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & trip planners.
Science & PhysicsTorque Calculator
torque calculator calculate rotational moment of force tau from lever arm radius r, applied force F, and angle theta (tau = r * F * sin(theta)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsVelocity Calculator
velocity calculator calculate vector velocity magnitude and directional components (vx, vy) from displacement change and time. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsVolume Calculator
volume calculator calculate volumetric displacement V from mass m and density rho (V = m / rho). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsWave Speed Calculator
wave speed calculator calculate wave propagation velocity v from frequency f and wavelength lambda (v = f * lambda). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsWavelength Calculator
wavelength calculator calculate wave spatial wavelength lambda from wave speed v and frequency f (lambda = v / f). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsWedge Calculator
wedge calculator calculate ideal mechanical advantage IMA = L / t = 1 / (2 * tan(theta/2)) and splitting force Fout = Fin * (L / t) from length L, thickness t, and effort force Fin. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsWeight Calculator
weight calculator calculate gravitational weight force W from mass m and surface gravity g (W = m * g). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsWheel and Axle Calculator
wheel and axle calculator calculate mechanical advantage MA = R_wheel / r_axle and effort force F_effort = F_load * (r_axle / R_wheel) for steering wheels, doorknobs, and winches. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsWork Calculator
work calculator calculate mechanical work W = F * d * cos(theta) in Joules, kJ, N*m, and ft-lbf from force F, displacement d, and angle theta. Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.
Science & PhysicsYoung's Modulus Calculator
young's modulus calculator calculate modulus of elasticity E from stress sigma and strain epsilon (E = sigma / epsilon = (F * L0) / (A * delta L)). Accurate physics formulas and unit conversions for engineers, students & technicians.